现代国际法与康德的《永久和平论》之比较/许轲

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-05-24 18:05:13   浏览:9569   来源:法律资料网
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现代国际法与康德的《永久和平论》之比较

许轲


[内容摘要]:理性能够设计出普遍有效的法律制度的全部细节。所以在康德的《永久和平论》中,他主张,要走向永久和平,首先,每一个国家都要成为共和制,然后,由这些共和制再订立世界公民法,达成一个"自由国家联盟"。这条道路总体而言,可以称之为对主权的"非干涉主义"。而国际海洋法之父格老秀斯创立国际法学说的直接动因就是为了解决当时荷兰与葡萄牙之间围绕海洋自由而引起的争端。现代国际法的渊源、主体、国家主权与人权等理论均有时代性、现实性。本文分三个部分比较论述理性设计出的“世界法”与现实意义上的现代国际法。

[关键词] :国际法的主体 国家主权与人权 永久和平论

伟大的德国哲学家康德他出于对人类命运的关怀,针对国与国之间的关系提出了一个理想。这个理想显然不同于前人对和平的论述,前人的所谓国与国的"和平状态"在康德看来不过是把战争的现实性转为了战争的可能性,因为这样的一种和平状态只是一种无声息的备战,是暂时的停战状态,是一场临时战争的结束和另一场战争的开始。而康德所主张的乃是一种永久的人类和平,它要远离一切战争!而1609年发表的《海洋自由论,或论荷兰从事东印度贸易的权利》,这一现代国际法学世上最初的文献包含了许多后来成为国际法的原理。也许我们现在研究学习的国际法只是现实意义上的国际法。


一.现代国际法的主要主体与康德的共和制主体

现代意义上的国际法的主体,如同民法首先涉及“人”或具有“人格”的“人”,即民事关系的主体。国际法也有“国际人格”或“国际法律人格”(international legal personality) 。
而现在我国国际法学界一般认为,作为国际法上主要主体的国际必须具备三个条件
(1)独立参加国际关系的能力:(2)直接承受国际权利与义务的能力;(3)独立进行国际
求偿的能力 。这实际上实质作为国际法主体的国家所必须具有的“行为能力”而“权利能力”实质现代意义上的国际家,在国际法上应具备的四个要素,即,人口、领土、政府、主权。亦可以用民法上的“人”来解释这个问题,因为民法和国际法在研究问题、解决问题的许多方面有着相同或相似的方式,我们可以用下面这个图表来说明问题

主 体 承载权利义务的方式 调整的关系 客 体

民法:平等主体(自然人、法人、及其他组织)民事法律关系的主体必须具有“行为能力”和“权利能力”
合同等方式(当事人之间可以自行决定)

平等主体之间的权利、义务关系,主要集中于财产关系和一部分的人身关系

物,权利,实施知识产权等的智力成果

国际法: (1)独立参加国际关系的能力:(2)直接承受国际权利与义务的能力;(3)独立进行国际求偿的能力。即国际法主体的国家所必须具有的“行为能力”和“权利能力”。

《联合国宪章》第38条第1款制定了国际法的渊源,其中包括了,国际条约、国际习惯、一般法律原则与作为辅助资料的司法判例以及权威的国际法学说

国际法是调整国际关系的法律制度,(国际关系包括了国际军事关系、国际外交关系、国际法律关系等)

国际法发上的领土、海洋、空间、环境等一切可以国际法上主体之间权利义务所指向的对象

而康德在,《历史理性批判文集》对国家的要求则不仅仅限于此。康德对“社会--法治”状态进行了描述,他认为一切合法的体制都是:国家公民权利的体制(民法):“每个国家的公民体制都应该是共和制”。
康德认为,共和制的逻辑产生基于三条法则:第一是“依据一个社会的成员(作为人)的自由原则”;第二是“根据所有人(作为臣民)对于唯一共同的立法的依赖原理”;第三是“根据他们(作为国家公民)的平等法则而奠定的”。依此三项原则--本质核心是权利原则--所产生的原始契约必然是共和制。因为只有共和制才能真正的确保人民作为国家公民的平等权利。
  这里所说的共和制并非现在的英美法治社会,在康德看来其远未达到普遍法治的公民社会。同时康德提醒我们不要把共和制与民主制--康德所说的民主制是古希腊意义上的民主制--相混淆。康德认为首先国家依统治的形式可以分为:专制政体、贵族政体和民主政体三种,相应于君主权力、贵族权力和人民权力;其次依政权的形式,国家可以分为共和与专制二种,前者“共和主义乃是行政权力(政府)与立法权力相分离的国家原则”,而后者“专制主义则是国家独断地实行它为其自身所制订的法律的那种国家原则,因而也就是公众的意志只是被统治者作为自己私人的意志来加以处理的那种国家原则。” 康德的第二种分类颇令人深思,因为依此分类,没有分权的民主制度同样也是一种专制主义,其政治恶果就是多数人暴政,从而与“公意”相违背 。康德否定一切没有代议制的政权形式,因为“在同一个人的身上立法者不可能同时又是自己意志的执行者” , 在这个意义上,民主制度由于“所有的人都要做主人”,人民也不会自己推翻自己,所以向共和制的改革更为困难,康德认为只有通过暴力革命,显然康德更为欣赏开明式的专制,即君主立宪制度。因为君主立宪制度还为代议制留有余地。康德强调,“唯有在代议制体系中共和制的政权方式才有可能,没有代议制体系则它就是专制和暴力的。--古代所谓的共和国没有一个认识到这一点的,于是它们就势必会都解体为专制主义。”
由此我们不难看出一个在国际法上主体标准认定的问题,即,在现代国际法上只要是具备了“行为能力”和“权利能力”的国家在不违反国际既有的法律规则、原则的情况下通过同他国缔结双边的或是多边条约,并在条约规定的范围内享受权利履行义务即可以成国际法上的主体,而随着国际关系的发展,国际法的主体也有所变化。在WTO种的单独关税区以及其政府属于国际法的特殊主体,还有政府间的国际组织,非政府组织(NGO),甚至个人。随着国际人权法的发展,个人渐渐地可以通过国际性组织,如欧洲人权法院,直接引用过
国际条约,保护自己人权 。 显然不同于二百多年前德国哲学家康德的观点,也可以说比康德的观点中的要求低了许多。

二. 国际体系与“自由国家联盟”

康德认为,国家之间相互关系的国际权利(国际法):“以自由国家的联盟制度为基础”。康德认为国与国之间的战争只能决定谁是胜利者,但无法决定谁有权利。为了脱离这种战争状态,使各民族之间的契约建立并得到保障,那就"必须有一种特殊方式的联盟,我们可以称之为和平联盟;它与和平条约的区别是和平条约结束一场战争,而和平联盟却要永远结束一切战争。“同时,这个在于,后者仅仅企联盟不是积极意义上的世界国家或世界政府,它不要"获得什么国家权力,而仅仅是要维护与保障一个国家自己本身的以及同时还有其他加盟国家的自由”,所以不“需要他们屈服于公开的法律及其强制之下” 。所以,这个联盟是消极意义上的联盟。
国家是一个抽象物,一个概念
国家是一个概念,但是,它反映了现实。某个国家,比如阿尔及尔或西班牙,意味着,包含着界定的领土、人口和由一个政府管理的组织化国内政治社会 。
国际体系也是一个概念,但是,它反映现实了。一个基本的事实是其作为分散的、独立的国家的特点。如果没有大量分开的国家,如果各国没有来往,就不存在国家间关系,就不存在国家间体系,也没有国家间政治,没有国家间(国际)法律。假如存在一个世界政府,就可能会有世界法,但不会有国家间法律。如果世界在一个单一霸权之下——罗马式和平,或其他什么“和平”——就会只有一个单一的统治性“国家的”法律,甚至政府如果是非中央化的,占统治地位的法律也会调整下属分支机构的关系。
国际体系也反映了其他各种现实。很久以前,这成为欧洲中心和基督教,并维持相当时期,然后又是“资本主义”和殖民主义者。该体系的哲学和语言早已是欧洲的。“国家”也是欧洲的术语和概念。国际法上的其他许多术语和概念也是欧洲的。国际政治制度与国际法的许多方面仍然反映着其起源,即便在30多年前随着殖民主义的结束,开始有了转变。
总之,国际法——国家间法律——是各国相互交往,并存在各种关系的国际政治体系的法律。根据定义,国际法是各民族、各国之间的法律。而且,根据假定,法律是在国际政治体系中制定和维持,并隶属于其政治的“法律”。
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辽宁省人民代表大会常务委员会关于进一步加强文化市场管理的决定

辽宁省人大常委会


辽宁省人民代表大会常务委员会关于进一步加强文化市场管理的决定
辽宁省人大常委会


(1994年5月26日辽宁省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议通过)


为了认真贯彻执行《辽宁省文化市场管理条例》和《辽宁省图书报刊出版管理条例》,进一步加强对文化市场的管理,针对当前文化市场中存在的几个突出问题,作如下决定。
一、在营业性文化娱乐场所中禁止以营利为目的的陪舞、陪酒等各种陪侍活动。营业性文化娱乐场所中的包厢包房必须设有透明式门窗;对不符合规定的包厢包房,必须进行改造。
二、取缔非法的和不符合开办条件的营业性录像放映(包括镭射放映)场所。严禁放映非法复制或走私入境以及国家明令禁止的录像制品。
三、禁止营业性电子游戏厅向中小学生和其他未满十八周岁的未成年人开放。
四、取缔营业性电子游戏厅中的各种具有赌博性能和淫秽、色情画面的电子游戏机种。禁止营业性电子游戏厅利用电子游戏机进行赌博活动。不准以任何理由开设赌场和从事赌博经营活动。
五、取缔无证经营或没有批发权的单位从事图书报刊、音像制品的批发、销售活动。一切单位和个人不准发行、销售、出租非法出版的、走私入境的、国家明令禁止的图书报刊和音像制品。严禁出版社“买卖书号”、印刷厂擅自加印图书、报刊自行出售。查禁具有反动、淫秽和色情内
容的图书报刊和音像制品,打击地下制“黄”贩“黄”和非法出版活动。
六、对未取得《文化经营许可证》、《图书报刊经营许可证》、《音像出版物许可证》、《安全许可证》的单位或个人,工商部门不得颁发《营业执照》。
七、对文化市场实行统一领导、分级管理,进一步明确各有关部门的职责。各有关部门的具体分工,由省人民政府依据有利于管理的原则确定。
八、为了加强执法力度,文化行政管理部门应健全稽查队伍,加强对文化市场的日常监督和管理。
九、凡违反《辽宁省文化市场管理条例》、《辽宁省图书报刊出版管理条例》和本决定的,要依照《辽宁省文化市场管理条例》、《辽宁省图书报刊出版管理条例》及其他有关法规,视情节轻重,予以处罚;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。文化市场管理人员要秉公办事,
依法管理。对滥用职权、徇私舞弊、工作失职情节较轻的,由其主管部门给予行政处分;情节严重触犯刑律的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
十、《辽宁省文化市场管理条例》、《辽宁省图书报刊出版管理条例》中与本决定不一致的条款以本决定为准。
全省各级人民政府和各有关部门,对文化市场工作必须引起高度重视,要在近期内采取切实有效措施,对我省文化市场进行一次清理整顿。在文化市场管理工作中要坚决杜绝执法不严、违法不究、以罚代刑的现象。全省各市、县(区)人民代表大会常务委员会要采取多种形式进行监督
检查,在本行政区域内保证本决定的遵守和执行。



1994年5月26日

江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定

江西省人民政府


江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定(附:英文译本)

文号:江西省人民政府令 第167号

  《江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定》已经2008年2月23日省人民政府第1次常务会议审议通过,现予公布,自2008年4月1日起施行。
  
  省长 吴新雄
  
  二○○八年三月二十二日
  
  江西省城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理规定
  
  第一条为了做好城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理工作,保障其基本生活权益,完善社会救助制度,根据国务院《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法》的规定,结合本省实际,制定本规定。
  
  第二条本规定所称城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员(以下简称流浪乞讨人员),是指因自身无力解决食宿,无亲友投靠,正在城市流浪乞讨度日的人员。
  
  虽有流浪乞讨行为,但不具备前款规定情形的,不属于救助对象。
  
  第三条县级以上人民政府应当加强对流浪乞讨人员救助工作的领导,建立健全救助工作协调机制,采取积极措施,依法及时救助流浪乞讨人员,并将救助工作所需经费列入财政预算,予以保障。
  
  政府鼓励、支持社会组织和个人救助流浪乞讨人员。社会组织和个人捐赠财产用于救助工作的,依法享受有关税收优惠。
  
  第四条县级以上城市人民政府应当根据需要设立流浪乞讨人员救助站,并在救助站内设置未成年人生活区;有条件的,可以设立流浪未成年人救助保护机构;不设救助站的地方,应当有专人负责救助工作。
  
  救助站应当设置在交通便利、容易查找和远离危险的区域,并配备符合救助工作需要的设施、设备和人员。
  
  第五条救助站对流浪乞讨人员的救助是一项临时性社会救助措施,遵循自愿、无偿的原则,但对无民事行为能力和限制民事行为能力的流浪乞讨人员,应当主动实施救助。
  
  第六条县级以上人民政府民政部门负责本行政区域内流浪乞讨人员的救助工作。设立救助站的人民政府民政部门还应当履行下列职责:
  
  (一)指导、监督救助站贯彻执行有关救助工作的法律、法规、规章和政策;
  
  (二)对救助站工作人员进行教育、培训;
  
  (三)调查、处理救助站及其工作人员违法违纪问题;
  
  (四)协调救助站与其他部门、单位的工作,帮助解决救助工作中的困难和问题;
  
  (五)依法应当履行的其他职责。
  
  第七条县级以上人民政府有关部门按照下列规定履行对流浪乞讨人员的救助职责:
  
  (一)公安、城管和其他有关行政机关对发现的流浪乞讨人员,应当告知其向救助站求助;对其中的残疾人、未成年人、老年人和行动不便的其他人员,应当引导、护送到救助站;对其中的危重病人、精神病人,应当送当地卫生部门确定的定点医疗机构救治或者通知当地急救中心送定点医疗机构救治,并告知当地民政部门或者救助站。对反复纠缠、强行讨要或者以其他滋扰他人的方式乞讨的行为,公安机关应当教育、劝阻。
  
  (二)财政部门负责流浪乞讨人员救助工作经费的落实,并根据当年救助工作实际情况予以调整,同时依法对救助经费的使用情况进行监督。
  
  (三)卫生部门负责确定救治流浪乞讨人员的定点医疗机构,并指导其做好对流浪乞讨人员的救治工作。
  
  (四)交通、铁道等部门应当对救助站或者民政部门为流浪乞讨人员购买乘车(船)凭证,接送流浪乞讨人员进出站提供方便。
  
  (五)发展改革、教育、劳动保障、司法行政和残联等有关部门和单位应当在各自的职责范围内,做好与流浪乞讨人员救助相关的工作。
  
  第八条城区街道办事处、社区居委会的工作人员发现本辖区内有流浪乞讨人员的,应当告知或者引导其前往救助站求助。
  
  第九条码头、车站及流浪乞讨人员活动较多的其他公共场所的管理单位,应当协助救助站在显著位置设置引导牌,标明救助站所在位置及联系电话。救助站对外公开的联系电话应当每天24小时有人接听。
  
  第十条流浪乞讨人员向救助站求助时,应当如实提供本人下列情况:
  
  
  (一)姓名、年龄、本人户籍所在地、住所地;
  
  
  (二)流浪乞讨的原因、时间、经过;
  
  
  (三)近亲属或者其他关系密切亲属的姓名、住址、联系方式;
  
  
  (四)随身携带的物品。
  
  
  对因年老、年幼、残疾等原因无法提供个人情况的,救助站应当先提供救助,再查明情况。
  
  对拒不提供或者不如实提供个人情况的,不予救助。
  
  第十一条救助站应当向求助人员告知救助对象的范围和实施救助的内容,询问与求助需求有关的情况,并对其个人情况予以登记。
  
  对经甄别符合救助条件的求助人员,应当办理入站手续。求助人员随身携带的物品除生活必需品外均由救助站代为保管,离站时归还;对求助人员随身携带的爆炸性、毒害性、放射性、腐蚀性等危险物质或者管制器具、违禁出版物等,救助站应当及时移交有关部门处理。
  
  对经甄别不符合救助条件的求助人员,应当向其说明原因,出具《不予救助通知书》。
  
  第十二条救助站应当根据受助人员的需要提供下列救助:
  
  (一)提供符合食品卫生要求的食物;
  
  (二)提供符合安全卫生基本条件的住处;
  
  (三)对在救助站内突发急病的,及时送定点医疗机构救治;
  
  (四)与其亲属或者所在单位联系;
  
  (五)对没有交通费返回其住所地或者所在单位的,提供乘车(船)凭证。

  
  救助站为受助人员提供的住处,应当按性别分室住宿,老年人、儿童应当与其他受助人员分室住宿,一般实行单人单铺。女性受助人员应当由女性工作人员管理。
  
  对受助人员中的残疾人、未成年人、老年人、孕妇,应当在生活上给予照顾,并给予必要的保护。

  
  第十三条救助站应当根据受助人员的情况确定救助期限,一般不超过10天。有下列情形之一的,报主管民政部门备案后,可以适当延长救助期限:
  
  (一)等待亲属、所在单位或者户籍所在地、住所地民政部门、救助站接回的;
  
  (二)正在接受治疗的;
  
  (三)等待安置的。
  
  第十四条受助人员应当遵守救助站的各项管理制度,服从工作人员的管理,不得有下列行为:
  
  (一)殴打、辱骂救助站工作人员和其他受助人员,无理取闹,扰乱救助管理秩序;

  
  (二)破坏救助设施、设备,损毁、盗窃公私财物;

  
  (三)携带并私藏爆炸性、毒害性、放射性、腐蚀性等危险物质或者管制器具、违禁出版物;

  

  (四)在救助站内酗酒,从事吸毒、赌博等违法犯罪活动;

  

  (五)法律、法规、规章禁止的其他行为。
  
  对受助人员违反前款规定的行为,救助站工作人员应当及时制止;受助人员有违反治安管理行为或者犯罪嫌疑的,救助站应当及时报请公安机关依法处理。
  
  第十五条救助站应当根据受助人员的不同情况,分别作出下列处理:

  (一)能够自行返回的,由救助站提供乘车(船)凭证返回。
  
  (二)对受助的残疾人、未成年人、老年人或者其他行动不便的人员,通知其亲属或者所在单位接回;亲属或者所在单位拒不接回的,省内的由流入地民政部门通知流出地民政部门接回,送其亲属或者所在单位;跨省的由省民政部门通知流出地省(自治区、直辖市)民政部门接回,送其亲属或者所在单位。
  
  (三)对无法查明其亲属或者所在单位,但可以查明其户籍所在地、住所地的受助残疾人、未成年人、老年人及其他行动不便的人员,省内的由流入地民政部门通知流出地民政部门接回,送户籍所在地、住所地安置;跨省的由省民政部门通知流出地省(自治区、直辖市)民政部门接回,送户籍所在地、住所地安置。
  
  (四)对因年老、年幼或者残疾无法认知自己行为、无表达能力,而无法查明其亲属或者所在单位,也无法查明其户籍所在地或者住所地的,由救助站的主管民政部门提出安置方案,报本级人民政府批准后给予安置。
  
  第十六条受助人员有下列情形之一的,救助站应当终止救助:
  
  (一)故意提供虚假个人情况,骗取救助的;
  
  (二)违反本规定第十四条第一款规定,严重扰乱救助管理秩序的;
  
  (三)救助站已按照前条规定,对受助人员作出相应处理的;
  
  (四)救助期限届满,无正当理由不愿离站的;
  
  (五)法律、法规、规章规定应当终止救助的其他情形。
  
  救助站对受助人员依法终止救助的,应当向其说明原因,出具《终止救助通知书》,并办理离站手续。
  
  第十七条受助人员自愿放弃救助离开救助站的,应当事先告知,救助站不得限制。
  
  无民事行为能力和限制民事行为能力的受助人员离开救助站的,须经救助站同意。
  
  受助人员擅自离开救助站的,视为放弃救助。
  
  第十八条对受助期间死亡的受助人员,救助站应当及时报告当地公安机关,由司法鉴定机构或者医疗机构出具死亡证明文件,并及时通知死者亲属或者所在单位;无法查明死者真实情况的,救助站应当及时报告主管民政部门,由民政部门按照殡葬管理的有关规定做好善后工作。
  
  第十九条受助人员户籍所在地、住所地的乡镇、县级人民政府应当帮助返回的受助人员解决生产、生活困难,避免其再次外出流浪乞讨;对确实无家可归的残疾人、未成年人、老年人应当给予安置。
  
  受助残疾人、未成年人、老年人的近亲属或者其他监护人应当主动履行抚养、赡养义务;对遗弃残疾人、未成年人、老年人的近亲属或者其他监护人,受助人员户籍所在地、住所地的乡镇、县级人民政府应当教育其履行抚养、赡养义务。
  
  第二十条救助站应当建立健全岗位责任制、安全责任制、工作人员行为规范等各项管理制度,实行规范化管理,并严格执行财务、捐赠等方面的规定。
  
  救助站应当定期组织工作人员参加业务培训,定期组织工作人员进行健康检查。
  
  第二十一条救助站应当如实记载受助人员入站、离站、获得救助的情况等内容,建立救助档案,并妥善保管。有条件的,应当通过信息化手段管理救助档案。
  
  第二十二条救助站应当建立健全与公安、城管、定点医疗机构等有关部门和单位的协作、配合机制,并加强救助信息沟通,建立救助信息网络系统。
  
  救助站应当建立对食物中毒事件、群体性事件、火灾事故等突发事件的处置机制,制定应急预案并定期组织演练。
  
  第二十三条救助工作人员应当具有承担救助工作的相应能力,增强法制观念和服务意识,并遵守下列规定:
  
  (一)不准拘禁或者变相拘禁受助人员;
  
  (二)不准打骂、体罚或者虐待受助人员;
  
  (三)不准敲诈、勒索、侵吞受助人员的财物;
  
  (四)不准克扣受助人员的生活供应品;
  
  (五)不准扣压受助人员的证件、申诉控告材料;
  
  (六)不准任用受助人员担任管理工作;
  
  (七)不准使用受助人员为工作人员干私活;
  
  (八)不准在工作期间饮酒;
  
  (九)不准调戏妇女。
  
  违反前款规定的,依法给予处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
  
  第二十四条救助站应当在显著位置设立投诉箱,并公告主管民政部门的投诉电话,接受社会监督。
  
  救助站不依法履行救助职责的,求助人员可以向主管民政部门举报;民政部门经查证属实的,应当责令救助站及时提供救助,并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。
  
  第二十五条主管民政部门不及时受理求助人员举报,不及时责令救助站履行职责,或者对应当安置的受助人员不报请当地人民政府予以安置的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。
  
  第二十六条对有胁迫、诱骗或者利用他人乞讨,反复纠缠、强行讨要或者以其他滋扰他人的方式乞讨等违反治安管理行为的,由公安机关依法给予治安管理处罚;以暴力、胁迫手段组织残疾人或者不满十四周岁的未成年人乞讨的,依法追究刑事责任。
  
  第二十七条本规定自2008年4月1日起施行。



英文译本:


Decree No 167 of the People’s Government of Jiangxi Province


Administrative Measures of Jiangxi Province for Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with No Means of Support in Cities, adopted at the 1st Executive Meeting of the People’s Government of Jiangxi Province on February 23, 2008, are hereby promulgated and shall go into effect as of April 1, 2008.


Governor: Wu Xinxiong

March 22, 2008


Administrative Measures of Jiangxi Province for
Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with No Means of Support in Cities


Article 1. In order to efficiently administrate the work for assisting vagrants and beggars with no means of support in cities, guarantee their basic living rights and interests and improve the social assistance systems, these Measures are enacted with a full consideration of the realities of the province and in accordance with Measures for Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with no Means of Support in Cities promulgated by the State Council.

Article 2. Vagrants and beggars with no means of support in cities (hereafter called “vagrants and beggars”) as stipulated in these Measures refer to the persons who cannot afford board and lodging themselves, have no relatives or friends to depend on, and are roaming about and begging in the cities every day.
Those who do not comply with the stipulations specified in the proceeding paragraph are not objects of the assistance despite their roaming and begging acts.

Article 3. The government at county level or above shall strengthen its leadership over the work for assisting vagrants and beggars, establishing and improving the coordination mechanism for the assistance work, taking effective measures to assist vagrants and beggars in time according to law, and incorporate the assistance funds into the fiscal budget to ensure that the assistance work gets financial allocations.
The government encourages and supports any social organization or individual to provide assistance to vagrants and beggars. Any social organization or individual that has donated properties to such assistance shall be entitled to preferential treatment in taxation.

Article 4. The municipal people’s government at county level or above shall establish assistance station for vagrants and beggars and set up special living areas for minor vagrants and beggars within the assistance station according to the actual needs. When conditions permit, organizations for assistance and protection of minor vagrants can be established. In a city where no such assistance station has been established yet, it is necessary to hold some staff members responsible for the assistance work.
The assistance station shall be conveniently located, accessible and far from dangerous areas. Besides, the assistance station shall be provided with necessary facilities, equipment and staff members for the assistance work.

Article 5. The assistances offered by an assistance station to vagrants and beggars are merely temporary social ones, which should be offered on a voluntary and free-of-charge basis. However, the assistance station shall take the initiative to assist vagrants and beggars with no capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct.

Article 6. Civil affairs department of the people’s government at county level or above shall be responsible for the work of assisting vagrants and beggars within its administrative region. The civil affairs department of the people’s government that has established an assistance station shall perform the following duties:
(1) Guide and supervise the assistance station in its implementation of the laws, regulations, rules and policies concerning the assistance work;
(2) Offer the necessary education and training to the staff members of the assistance station;
(3) Investigate the assistance station or its staff members involved in violation of laws and disciplines, and settle the problems properly;
(4) Coordinate the assistance station with other organs and departments concerned, and help them solve the difficulties and problems encountered in practical assistance work;
(5) Perform other duties in accordance with law.

Article 7. The departments concerned of the people’s government at county level or above shall perform their respective duties in assisting vagrants and beggars according to the provisions specified below:
(1) The public security, urban management or other administrative department, if finding any vagrants and beggars, shall be obliged to inform them that they can ask for assistance in the local assistance station. As for the disabled, the minor or the aged vagrants and beggars or other such persons with difficulties in mobility, the staff members from these departments shall instruct or accompany them to the assistance station. In case the vagrants and beggars are patients in critical conditions or with mental diseases, the staff members from these departments shall send them to the medical organization specially designated by the local civil affairs department or inform the local first-aid center to immediately send them to the designated medical organization for medical treatment and meanwhile notify the local civil affairs department or assistance station of what has happened. Any person who continually pesters or forcibly begs from another person or begs by other irritating means shall be educated and persuaded to stop doing so by the public security department.
(2) The financial department shall be responsible for realizing financial allocations for assisting vagrants and beggars, make appropriate adjustments to the allocated funds with a full consideration of the actual need of the assistance in the corresponding year, while supervising whether the assistance funds were spent in accordance with law.
(3) The public health department shall designate some medical organizations to provide medical treatment services for vagrants and beggars, and give the organizations specific guidance for efficient implementation of the assistance work.
(4) The transportation or railway department shall give every possible aid to the assistance station or the civil affairs department for buying bus, train or ship tickets for the vagrants and beggars as well as sending them aboard and helping them get off a train, ship or plane.
(5) The development & reform, education, labor & social security, judicial administration departments, disabled persons’ federation as well as the relevant departments and units shall well perform their respective duties in connection with the assistance work.

Article 8. If the staff members in urban sub-district office or community residents’ committee have found any vagrant or beggar within the area under their jurisdiction, they shall tell the vagrant or beggar to ask for assistance in the local assistance station or take him/her to the station for assistance.

Article 9. Departments responsible for the administration of public places such as wharves, railway and bus stations, where there are usually more vagrants and beggars, shall give the local assistance station some necessary aids while setting up road signs to show the location and telephone number of the assistance station. The assistance station which has made public its telephone number shall assign special staff members to answer the telephone 24 hours a day.

Article 10. When asking for assistance from an assistance station, a vagrant or beggar shall faithfully provide his/her information as follows:
(1) Name, age, place of registered permanent residence, and domicile;
(2) The reason for, time and course of ,vagrancy and begging;
(3) Names, addresses, and contact methods of his/her near relatives and other relatives with close relationship;
(4) The articles he/she carries along.
If the vagrant or beggar asking for assistance is unable to provide his/her personal information since he/she is too old, too young or disabled, the assistance station shall render assistance first before finding the relevant information.
Also no assistance will be rendered to those who refuse to provide their personal information or don’t provide their personal information faithfully.

Article 11. The assistance station shall tell the vagrant or beggar asking for assistance about the scope of assisted objects and the contents of the assistance offered, and shall inquire about the information relating to the assistance needs and register the personal information of that vagrant or beggar.
If the person asking for assistance is found qualified for the assistance, he/she shall go through the formalities for acceptance by the station. The articles he/she carries along, except the living necessities, shall be kept by the station, and returned to him/her when he/she leaves the station. The explosive, poisonous, radioactive, corrosive and other dangerous articles as well as implements under control and forbidden publications that the person asking for assistance carries along shall be immediately handed over to the departments concerned for proper disposal.
If the person asking for assistance is found unqualified for it, the station will render no assistance to him/her, and meanwhile give the reasons and issue a Notice for Not Offering Assistance.

Article 12. The assistance station shall provide the following assistances according to the needs of the assisted persons:
(1) Providing food in conformity with the requirements on food hygiene;
(2) Providing a lodging place that meets the basic safety and sanitary conditions;
(3) Sending him/her to the designated medical organization for treatment in case the assisted person suddenly suffers from acute disease in the assistance station;
(4) Contacting the assisted person’s relatives or workplace;
(5) Providing him/her with a ticket or its equivalent for taking bus, train or ship in case the assisted person has no money to pay the traveling expenses for return to his/her domicile or workplace;
The assistance station shall provide the assisted persons with lodging places according to their sexes. If the assisted persons are the aged or children, they shall be arranged to live separately from other assisted persons, and each of them shall be provided with a separate bed. If the assisted persons are female, they shall be managed by female staff members.
If the assisted persons are the disabled, the minors, the aged or pregnant women, they shall be specially taken care of and protected in their daily lives.

Article 13. The assistance station shall determine the period of assistance according to the situation of an assisted person, and generally the period shall not exceed 10 days. However, under any of the following circumstances, the period may be extended if the extension has been reported for the record to the competent authority for civil affairs:
(1) The assisted person is waiting to be taken home by his/her relatives, staff members from his/her workplace, or staff members from the civil affairs department or assistance station in his/her registered permanent residence.
(2) The assisted person is receiving medical treatment.
(3) The assisted person is waiting for settlement.

Article 14. The assisted person shall follow the management rules of the assistance station and obey the staff members’ management. He or she shall not commit any of the following acts:
(1) Beat or scold the staff members of the assistance station or other assisted persons, make trouble out of nothing, or disturb the order of the assistance work;
(2) Damage the assisting facilities or equipment, or damage or steal public or personal properties;
(3) Carry or conceal any explosive, poisonous, radioactive, corrosive and other dangerous articles including controlled implements and forbidden publications;
(4) Indulge in excessive drinking, take addictive drugs or engage in gambling and other illegal or criminal activities;
(5) Commit other acts prohibited by laws, regulations and rules;
If an assisted person commits any of the acts mentioned above, the staff members in the assistance station shall stop him/her in time. In case the assisted person commits any acts in violation of the security administration regulations or is suspected of having committed a crime, the assistance station shall immediately report to the public security department for handling according to law.

Article 15. An assistance station shall, according to the situation of the assisted person, properly settle him/her down in the following ways:
(1) If the assisted person can return by himself/herself, the assistance station shall issue him/her a certificate or ticket-equivalent for taking a train, bus or ship.
(2) With respect to an assisted person who is disabled, a minor, an aged person or has difficulties in mobility, the assistance station shall notify his/her relatives or workplace to take him/her back. Where the relatives or workplace refuse to do so, if the assisted person is within the province, the civil affairs department of the place where the assisted person is currently roaming around shall notify the corresponding department of the place from which the assisted person has departed, of taking the person back to his/her relatives or workplace; if the assisted person is transprovincial, the civil affairs department of the province he or she is currently roaming around shall notify the corresponding department of the province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government) which the assisted person has departed from, of taking the person back to his/her relatives or workplace.
(3) With respect to an assisted person who is disabled, a minor, an aged person or has difficulties in mobility, and whose relatives or workplace can’t be found, but whose place of registered permanent residence or domicile can be ascertained, if the assisted person is within the province, the civil affairs department of the place where the assisted person is currently roaming around shall notify the corresponding department of the place from which the assisted person has departed, of taking the person back to his/her registered permanent residence or domicile for settlement; if the assisted person is transprovincial, the provincial civil affairs department shall notify the corresponding department of the province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government) from which the assisted person has departed, of taking the person back to his/her registered permanent residence or domicile for settlement.
(4) With respect to an assisted person who is too old, too young, or disabled, and is unable to cognize his/her acts or to express himself/herself, and therefore neither his/her relatives nor workplace nor his/her registered permanent residence or domicile can be verified, the competent authority for civil affairs of the assistance station shall put forward a settlement scheme and report to the people’s government at the corresponding level for approval or the settlement.

Article 16. The assistance station shall terminate its assistance to the assisted person under any of the following circumstances;
(1) The assisted person is found to have intentionally provided false personal information to cheat the station out of assistance.
(2) The assisted person has violated the provisions as stipulated in Section (1), Article 14 of these Measures and seriously disturbed the administrative order of the assistance station.
(3) The assistance station has properly settled down the assisted person according to the provisions in preceding paragraphs.
(4) The assisted person would not leave the assistance station without justified reasons after expiration of the period of assistance.
(5) Under the circumstance the assistance should be terminated if it is so required by relevant laws, regulations and rules.
When the assistance station terminates its assistance to the assisted person in accordance with law, it shall give the reasons, issue a Notice for Termination of Assistance, and go through the formalities for the departure of the assisted person from the station.

Article 17. Where an assisted person waives the assistance of his/her own accord and leaves the assistance station, he/she shall notify the assistance station of the waiver in advance, and the station may not restrict that assisted person.
Where an assisted person with no capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct is to leave the assistance station, he/she must first obtain the consent of the assistance station.
An assisted person leaving the assistance station without notification shall be regarded as waiving the assistance.

Article 18. In the event that an assisted person dies during the valid period of the assistance, the assistance station shall promptly report such death to the local public security department, and the judicial identification organization or medical organization will issue a death certificate and notify his/her relatives or workplace of the death in time. If the true information related to the dead is not available, the assistance station shall promptly report it to the competent authority for civil affairs, and the latter ought properly to settle the problems arising thereafter according to the administrative regulations on funeral and interment.

Article 19. The people’s government at the township or county level of the place where the assisted person’s registered permanent residence or domicile exists, shall take measures to help the returned assisted person to solve the difficulties in production and living, and refrain him/her from roaming and begging elsewhere again; and the government shall appropriately settle the disabled, the minors and the aged that are really homeless.
The near relatives or other guardians of the assisted person who is disabled, a minor or an aged person, should perform the obligations of support and maintenance; with respect to the near relatives or other guardians that abandoned the disabled, minors or the aged, the above-mentioned government should educate and persuade them to perform the obligations of support and maintenance.
Article 20. The assistance station shall establish and perfect its various management systems such as post responsibility system, safety responsibility system and conduct codes for staff members. Furthermore, it shall carry out standardized administration and strictly implement the regulations for financial management and donation.
The assistance station shall organize its staff members to take part in various work-related trainings and take physical examinations on a regular basis.

Article 21. The assistance station shall keep a faithful record the assisted persons’ information including their acceptance by the station; departure from the station and the assistance provided, etc., and shall build up assistance achieves and take good care of them. If conditions permit, information-technology may be adopted in management of the assistance archives.

Article 22. The assistance station shall establish and perfect its mechanisms for cooperation with the public security department, urban management department, designated medical organization as well as other departments and units concerned. Meanwhile it shall intensify its efforts in exchange and share of the assistance information with departments concerned, and establish assistance information network system.
Besides, the assistance station is required to establish the mechanism to cope with various emergent accidents, such as food poisoning accident, group accident or fire accident. Preliminary programs for rapid response to such emergent accidents shall be worked out, and exercises be organized on a regular basis.

Article 23. The staff members in the assistance station should be competent enough to undertake various assistance tasks. Moreover, they should enhance their legal awareness and service awareness, and consciously abide by the following provisions:
(1) Not to detain any assisted person or do so in a disguised form;
(2) Not to beat, scold, physically punish or maltreat any assisted person;
(3) Not to extort, blackmail or misappropriate any property of the assisted person;
(4) Not to embezzle the living supplies of any assisted person’;
(5) Not to withhold the certificate, complaint or accusation materials of any assisted person;
(6) Not to appoint any assisted person to assume any administration work;
(7) Not to use any assisted person to do private work for themselves;
(8) Not to drink wine during work time;
(9) Not to take liberties with any woman;
Any staff member who violates the provisions mentioned above shall be given sanctions; in case that a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

Article 24. The assistance station shall put a box for complaints at the eye-catching place and make public the complaint telephone number of the competent authority for civil affairs so as to accept social supervision.
Where an assistance station fails to perform its assistance duties according to law, the person asking for assistance may disclose and report it to the competent authority for civil affairs. The competent authority for civil affairs shall, after verifying the case, order that assistance station to provide assistance in time, and give sanctions to the personnel in charge held directly liable and other directly liable personnel.

Article 25. If the competent authority for civil affairs fails to accept the report from the person asking for assistance in time, fails to order the assistance station to perform its duties in time, or fails to refer to the local people’s government the matter of settling the assisted person who should be settled, the personnel in charge held directly liable and other directly liable personnel shall be given sanctions according to law.

Article 26. Whoever coerces or induces someone to beg, or continually pesters or forcibly begs from him or her or begs by other irritating means is in violation of the security administration regulations; he/she shall be penalized by the public security department according to law on violation of security administration regulations. Whoever organizes the disabled or a minor under the age of fourteen to beg by means of violence or coercion shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

Article 27. These measures shall go into effect as of April 1, 2008.